Gado na Bíblia. Significado e Versículos sobre Gado
A riqueza dos patriarcas constavaprincipalmente de gado e de escravos, ou servos, que se empregavam em guardar os seus rebanhos e manadas (Gênesis 13 7). Tinham Abraão e Ló tantos e tão grandes rebanhos e manadas, que foram obrigados a separar-se a fim de encontrarem as necessárias pastagens.
Abraão e os patriarcas mais ricos tinham consideráveis manadas de gado, sendo uma grande parte destinada aos sacrifícios – e também serviam os animais para as ocasiões de pública hospitalidade, ou de festas especiais ou para quando era necessário obsequiar amigos.
Vagueavam numa condição de meia domesticidade por grandes áreas de terreno, e muitas vezes estes animais se tornavam bravos, principalmente quando naqueles tempos estavam expostos aos ataques de feras, como o leão e o urso, o lobo e o leopardo, adquirindo desta maneira hábitos de ferocidade para se defenderem.
A raça do gado, na Palestina Central, é presentemente de pequeno corpo e peludo, e pouco empregada para fins de agricultura. Todavia, nas terras ao sul do mar Morto, os árabes agricultores fazem uso desses animais, quase exclusivamente. (*veja Boi, Cabra.).
Gado – Dicionário Bíblico de Easton
Gado
Abundava na Terra Santa. À criação e manejo deles os habitantes se dedicavam principalmente (Deuteronômio 8.13 – Deuteronômio 12.21 ; 1 Samuel 11.5 – 1 Samuel 12.3 ; Salmos 144.14 ; Jeremias 3.24). Eles podem ser classificados como,
- Gado bovino. Muitos centenas destes eram consumidos anualmente em sacrifícios ou usados para alimentação. Os melhores rebanhos eram encontrados em Basã, além do Jordão (Números 32.4). Grandes rebanhos também pastavam nas amplas planícies férteis de Sarom. Eles eram atrelados ao arado (1 Reis 19.19), e eram empregados para carregar cargas (1 Crônicas 12.40). Eles eram conduzidos com uma vara pontiaguda (Juízes 3.31) ou aguilhão.
De acordo com a lei mosaica, as bocas dos bois empregados na eira não deviam ser amordaçadas, para que não fossem impedidos de comer da forragem sobre a qual pisavam (Deuteronômio 25.4). Quem roubasse e vendesse ou abatesse um boi deveria dar cinco em reparação (Êxodo 22.1); mas se fosse encontrado vivo na posse de quem o roubou, ele deveria fazer apenas restituição dupla (22:4).
Se um boi se perdesse, quem o encontrasse deveria levá-lo de volta ao seu dono (Êxodo 23.4 ; Deuteronômio 22.1 Deuteronômio 22.4). Um boi e um jumento não podiam ser atrelados juntos ao arado (Deuteronômio 22.10).
- Gado miúdo. Depois dos rebanhos de gado bovino, as ovelhas formavam a mais importante das posses dos habitantes da Palestina (Gênesis 12.16 – Gênesis 13.5 – Gênesis 26.14 – Gênesis 21.27 ; Gênesis 29.2 Gênesis 29.3). Elas são frequentemente mencionadas entre os despojos tomados em guerra (Números 31.32 ; Josué 6.21 ; 1 Samuel 14.32 – 1 Samuel 15.3). Havia muitos que eram donos de grandes rebanhos (1 Samuel 25.2 – Gênesis 2 Sam 12:2 , Compare João 1.3). Reis também tinham pastores “sobre seus rebanhos” (1 Crônicas 27.31), dos quais derivavam grande parte de sua receita (2 Samuel 17.29 ; 1 Crônicas 12.40). Os distritos mais famosos por seus rebanhos de ovelhas eram a planície de Sarom (Isaías 65 : 10), Monte Carmelo (Miquéias 7.14), Basã e Gileade (Miquéias 7.14). Nos tempos patriarcais, os rebanhos de ovelhas eram às vezes cuidados pelas filhas dos proprietários. Assim, Raquel, filha de Labão, cuidava das ovelhas de seu pai (Gênesis 29.9); assim como Zípora e suas seis irmãs cuidavam dos rebanhos de seu pai Jetro (Êxodo 2.16). Às vezes, elas eram cuidadas por pastores contratados (João 10.12), e às vezes pelos filhos da família (1 Samuel 16.11 – 1 Samuel 17.15). Os guardadores familiarizavam tanto suas ovelhas com suas vozes que elas os conheciam e os seguiam ao chamado. Ovelhas, mas especialmente carneiros e cordeiros, eram frequentemente oferecidos em sacrifício. A tosquia das ovelhas era uma grande ocasião festiva (1 Samuel 25.4 – Gênesis 2 Sam 13:23). Elas eram recolhidas à noite e guardadas por seus pastores contra os ataques do leão (Miquéias 5.8), do urso (1 Samuel 17.34), e do lobo (Mateus 10.16 ; João 10.12). Elas eram propensas a vagar pelos amplos pastos e se perder (Salmos 119.176 ; Isaías 53.6 ; Oséias 4.16 ; Mateus 18.12).
Cabras também faziam parte da riqueza pastoral da Palestina (Gênesis 15.9 – Gênesis 32.14 – Gênesis 37.31). Elas eram usadas tanto para sacrifício quanto para alimentação (Deuteronômio 14.4), especialmente os machos jovens (Gênesis 27.9 Gênesis 27.14 Gênesis 27.17 ; Juízes 6.19 – Juízes 13.15 ; 1 Samuel 16.20).
O pelo de cabra era usado para fazer tecido de tendas (Êxodo 26.7 – Êxodo 36.14), e para colchões e roupas de cama (1 Samuel 19.13 1 Samuel 19.16).
Easton, Matthew George. “Entrada para Gado”. “Dicionário Bíblico de Easton”.
Gado – Dicionário Bíblico de Smith
Gado.
[Boi].
Smith, William, Dr. “Entrada para ‘Gado’”. “Dicionário Bíblico de Smith”. 1901.
Gado – Enciclopédia Internacional da Bíblia Padrão
Cattle
Kat’-‘-l (behemah, “a dumb beast”; miqneh, “a possession” from qanah, “to acquire” (compare Arabic qana’, “to acquire,” and Greek kienos, “beast,” and plural ktenea, “flocks,” from ktaomai, “to acquire,” flocks being both with the Homeric peoples and with the patriarchs an important form of property; compare English “fee”); tso’n “small cattle,” “sheep” or goats (compare Arabic da’n, “sheep”); seh, a single sheep or goat (compare Arabic shah); mela’khah, “property,” from la’akh, “to minister” (compare Arabic malakah and mulk, “property,” from malak, “to possess”); meri’ “fatling” 1 Kings 19; thremma John 4:12, “cattle,” i.
e. “that which is nourished,” from trepho, “to nourish”; baqar, “kine,” “oxen” (compare Arabic baqar, “cattle”); shor, tor Daniel 4.25, tauros Matthew 22:4, “ox” or “bull”; bous, “ox” Luke 13:15; ‘eleph, only in the plural, ‘alaphim, “oxen” Psalms 8:7):
From the foregoing and by examination of the many references to “cattle,” “kine” or “oxen” it is apparent that there are important points of contact in derivation and usage in the Hebrew, Greek and English terms.
It is evident that neat cattle were possessed in abundance by the patriarchs and later Israelites, which is fax from being the case in Palestine at the present day. The Bedouin usually have no cattle. The fellachin in most parts of the country keep them in small numbers, mostly for plowing, and but little for milk or for slaughtering.
Travelers in the Holy Land realize that goat’s milk is in most places easier to obtain than cow’s milk. The commonest cattle of the fellachin are a small black breed. In the vicinity of Damascus are many large, fine milch cattle which furnish the delicious milk and cream of the Damascus bazaars.
For some reason, probably because they are not confined and highly fed, the bulls of Palestine are meek creatures as compared with their European or American fellows.
In English Versions of the Bible the word “cattle” is more often used in a wide sense to include sheep and goats than to denote merely neat cattle. In fact, baqar, which distinctively denotes neat cattle, is often rendered “herds,” as tso’n, literally “sheep,” is in a large number of instances translated “flocks.” A good illustration is found in Genesis 32:7:
“Then Jacob …. divided the, people (`am) that were with him, and the flocks (tso’n), and the herds (baqar), and the camels (gemallim), into two companies (machanoth).” For the last word the King James Version has “drove” in Genesis 33:8, the Revised Version (British and American) “company.” Next to tso’n, the word most commonly rendered “flock” in English Versions of the Bible is `edher, from root “to arrange,” “to set in order.” `Edher is rendered “herd” in Proverbs 27:23, and in Joel 1.18 it occurs twice, being rendered “herds of cattle,” `edhre baqar, and “flocks of sheep,” `edhre ha-tso’n.
Miqneh is rendered “flock” in Numbers 32:26, “herd” in Genesis 47:18, and “cattle” in a large number of passages. Other words rendered “flock” are: mar`ith (r. ra`ah (Arabic ra`a), “to pasture”), once in Jeremiah 10:21; `ashteroth tso’n, “flocks of thy sheep,” the Revised Version (British and American) “young of thy flock,” in Deuteronomy 7:13, etc., `ashiaroth being plural of `ashtoreth, or Ashtoreth; chasiph, once in 1 Kings 20:27: “The Children of Israel encamped before them (the Syrians) like two little flocks of kids,” chasiph signifying “something stripped off or separated,” from root chasaph, “to strip” or “to peel,” like the Arabic qaTi`, “flock,” from root qaTa`, “to cut off”; poimne Matthew 26:31: “The sheep of the flock shall be scattered,” and Luke 2:8: “keeping watch by night over their flock”; poimnion Luke 12:32: “Fear not, little flock,” and 1 Peter 5:2: “Tend the flock of God which is among you.” Figurative: Not only poimne and poimnion but also `edher and tso’n are used figuratively of God’s people; e.
g. Isaiah 40:11:
“He will feed his flock (`edher) like a shepherd”; Zechariah 10:3:
“Yahweh of hosts hath visited his flock ([`edher]), the house of Judah”; Isaiah 65:10: “And Sharon shall be a fold of flocks” (tso’n); Jeremiah 23:2: “Ye have scattered my flock” (tso’n); Ezekiel 34:22:
“Therefore will I save my flock” (tso’n); Micah 7:14:
“Feed …. the flock (tso’n) of thy heritage.”
The wild ox or wild bull, the Revised Version (British and American) “antelope” (te’o or to’ of Deuteronomy 14:5 and Isaiah 51:20), is considered by the writer to be probably the Arabian oryx, and in this he is in agreement with Tristram (NHB).
Tristram however thinks that the unicorn (rem or re’em), the Revised Version (British and American) “wild ox,” was the aurochs, while the present writer believes that this also may well have been the oryx, which at the present day has at least three names in Arabic, one of which, baqar-ul-wachsh, means “wild ox.”
Our domestic cattle are believed by some of the best authorities to be of the same species as the ancient European wild ox or aurochs, Bos taurus, which is by others counted as a distinct species under the title of Bos primigenius?
The aurochs was widely spread over Europe in Roman times, but is now extinct. Some degenerate wild cattle are preserved in some British parks, but these according to Lydekker in the Royal Natural History are probably feral descendants of early domestic breeds.
Tristram cites the occurrence in the Dog River bone breccia of teeth which may be those of the aurochs, but this is a deposit accumulated by prehistoric man of an unknown antiquity to be variously estimated according to the predilections of the geologist at a few thousands or a few score of thousands of years, and is far from proving that this animal existed in Palestine in Bible times or at any time.
The European bison (Bos or Bison bonassus) is thought by some to be the wild ox of the Bible. This is a forest-dwelling species and is now confined to the forests of Lithuania and the Caucasus. It was formerly more widely distributed, but there is no certain evidence that it ever lived as far South as Palestine, and there have probably never existed in Palestine forests suitable to be the haunts of this animal.
About the Sea of Tiberias and the Jordan valley and in the plain of Coele-Syria there exist today Indian buffaloes (Bos bubalus) some feral and some in a state of domestication, which are believed to have been introduced in comparatively recent times.
Alfred Ely Day
Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. “Entry for ‘CATTLE’”. “International Standard Bible Encyclopedia”. 1915.
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